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Creator: Barbara Campbell
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Description: Barry Smylie’s “1969/99” features multiple hyperlinked web pages and flash animation. When viewed in Internet Explorer, the user can reveal superimposed text by mousing over images. It is dominated by graphics and sound from popular culture of the 1960s and 1990s. In particular, “1969/99” draws heavily on the themes and images of Fail Safe (1962) by Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler, in which machine malfunctions and humanity’s blind faith in the infallibility of technology accidentally cause a nuclear war. Burdick and Wheeler’s book was adapted for film in 1964 and for television in 2000. Created during the Y2K frenzy, “1969/99” offers a complex (and sometimes comic) cultural commentary and comparison between Cold War America and that of the Millennium. For example, one page titled "the b52s" juxtaposes images of a B-52 strategic bomber with those of the New Wave band The B-52s. The B-52s song "Meet the Flintstones" is the featured audio track on another page, "evolution," where the cartoon images of the Flintstones (1960-66) are superimposed on the cast photo of The Flintstones Movie (1994). In “beatitude,” Smylie quotes from Allan Ginsberg’s “Howl,” “I saw the best minds of my generation,” while the soundtrack repeats “starving, hysterical, naked,” thus leaving the user to fill in the omitted portion of the line “destroyed by madness.” Entry drafted by: Crystal Alberts
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Subject: Flash, html/dhtml, audio
Creator: Barry Smylie
Collector: ELO
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Description: A number of multilinear Web Fictions, Poetry and Hypermedia works: Narratives with text, image, and sound. The collection includes Coverley's "Fingerprints on Digital Glass"- eight short web stories of altered perception as well as "The Magic Millennium CyberCarpet", a story that goes backward and forward in time. The Webpage links also to works created in collaboration with other artists and to Coverley's Academic Pages that include interviews, articles, and Web-Non Fiction having to do with electronic literature. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: poetry, fiction, hypermedia, sound
Creator: Marjorie Coverley Luesebrink/ M.D. Coverley
Collector: ELO
Description: In Errand, animation is used to establish links and disjunctions between images of moving objects in the natural world (e.g. frogs and butterflies) and the lexical and figural dynamics of the poem. These visual-kinetic images heighten the tensions among the meaning-mobilizing acts of "seeing an image," "watching a movement," and "reading a word"; and insofar as these works also employ cursor-activated elements, between "touching" and "reading." Errand reflects on the nature of language and of reading, and these self-reflexive elements are embedded in considerations of how protocols of reading shape our consciousness. In calling attention to gaps between "movement" and "meaning," between "reading" and "acting," Errand grounds its kinetic poetics in concerns of ethics and cultural politics. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: shockwave, women authors, animation, collaborative, interactive, visual poetry, textual instrument, kinetic text, poetry
Creator: Stephanie Strickland, M.D. Coverley
Collector: ELO
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Description: A poem with pictures and audio components whose words, composed and presented by Phillipe Bootz, are reworked by the computer freshly each time the piece is launched. The textual elements appear as animated letters on the surface of a shockwave based picture, whose surface (like the superimposed letters) is also changing. This textual and visual flow is accompanied by sound that seems to go in synch with the entire composition but which is, in fact, also part of the programming. Bootz addresses the work both to a reader for the multimedia components and to a "meta-reader" whose reading accomplishment can be widened by exploring the code. Bootz holds that "reading is a limited activity that is unable to give a complete knowing of the work." A translation from the French is given on a separate page, its content responds to what is seen and experienced by the reader. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: music, multilingual or Non-English, shockwave, combinatorial, generative, audio, Animation/Kinetic, Collaboration
Description: John Cayley’s “windsound” is an algorithmic work presented as a 23-minute recording of a machine-generated reading of scrambled texts. The cinematic work presents a quicktime-video of white letters on a black screen, a text written by Cayley with a translation of the chinese poem “Cadence: Like a Dream” by Qin Guan (1049-1100). As a sensory letter-by-letter performance, the work sequentially replaces letters on the screen, so that what starts as illegible text becomes readable as a narrative, and then again loses meaning in a jumble of letters. Cayley calls this technique “transliteral morphing: textual morphing based on letter replacements through a sequence of nodal texts.” Sequences of text appear within up to 15 lines on the same screen, thus presenting and automatically replacing a longer text on a digitally simulated single page-a concept Judd Morrissey also applied in "The Jew´s Daughter". Unlike Morrissey’s piece, Cayley’s doesn´t allow the user to interact with the work that appears as a text-movie with ambient sound, murmurs of voices, windsound and synthetic female and male voices reading the non-readable to the viewer. With the letters, narrative perspectives also morph and switch fluidly between the lyrical-I, Christopher, Tanaka or Xiao Zhang, who appear in the story. Thus, the sentence: "‘We know,’" Tanaka had said in English/"‘Tomorrow if we meet/I will have to kill you myself/’" is, in the algorithmic process of the work, later spelled out by the I-narrator. As stated at the very end of the work, John Cayley created “windsound” in memory to Christopher Bledowski. What remains after a blackened screen and a start-over of morphing letters before they vanish conclusively, is windsound. At a certain point in the movie the text says "you have to be/to stay/silent/to hear it" and it seems like the reader has to be silent, too, listening to what he cannot understand, patiently waiting for the moment of legibility. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: poetry, appropriated texts, ambient, non-interactive, synthetic voices, algorithmic, soundscape, transliteral morphing
Creator: John Cayley
Description: As the author writes in an introduction to the piece, "Lexia to Perplexia" (2001) began as an observation of the fluctuating and ever-evolving protocols and prefixes of internet technology as applied to literary hypermedia. As well, "Lexia to Perplexia" was originally meant as a critique of both the Author and User/Reader positions in relation to web-based literary content." That is, the reader will notice that in all four sections of the work – "The Process of Attachment," "Double-Funnels," "Metastrophe," and "Exe.termination" -- "Lexia to Perplexia" makes wide use of neologisms as a means of presenting, in Katherine Hayles´ words, "a set of interrelated speculations about the future (and past) of human-intelligent machine interactions, along with extensive resinscriptions of human subjectivity and the human body" (Writing Machines 49). However, the text is performed not only linguistically, but also narratively and visually. Narratively, Memmott alludes to classical literary references ranging from ancient Greek and Egyptian myth to postmodern literary theory reflecting on humans, technologies, and their collaborative agency. Visually, the work makes use of interactive features which override the source text, leading to a fragmentary reading experience. The functioning and malfunctioning of the interface itself carries as much meaning as the words and images that compose the text. As Memmott also instructs his readers to note, the "User/Reader of this piece…encounters a number of screens that appear simple upon access. As the User/Reader interacts with the presented objects -- images, textual fragments, various UI permutations -- the screens are made more." Entry drafted by: Lori Emerson
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Subject: Animation/Kinetic, textual instrument
Creator: Talan Memmott
Collector: ELO
Description: A poet's playful meditation on the nature and function of letterforms in kinetic two-dimensional space. Dreamlife is a Flash animation, based on a text by the feminist literary theorist Rachel Blau DuPlessis, which explores the ground between classic concrete poetry, avant-garde, feminist practice, and "ambient" poetics. Stefans responded DuPlessis by using words of her text: "all I did was alphabetize the words in it and then construct shorter poems from them." The short film runs about 11 minutes and shows letters that perform their "dreams" on the screen. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: flash, Animation/Kinetic, visual poetry, appropriated texts, ambient, non-interactive
Creator: Brian Kim Stefans
Language: Engish
Description: In Dan Waber and Jason Pimble’s “I, You, We,” (2005) “The viewer is inside a kind of cube, an infinite cube that can be rotated endlessly without returning to the same view. Between I and you and we flows a river of verbs. The piece can be manipulated by clicking or dragging, or will move on its own if left still for a few moments” (Electronic Literature Collection 1). While this “infinite cube” might present something of a shock to a reader used to the conventions of print, the eponymous “characters” of the work (i.e., “I,” “You,” and “We”) are extremely suggestive in terms of perspective. Entry drafted by: Lisa Swanstrom The word “I” is ochre-colored and located at the origin of the work, which is to say the dead center of the three-dimensional “cube.” This “I” does not move, even when the reader grabs the text as instructed, and spins the cube for all it’s worth. In contrast, the word “you” is multiple, blue, and shrinks and grows in size as the cube oscillates, occupying both foreground and background, at some points even seeming to loom larger than the “I,” but always, ultimately, fading away while the “I” remains. This leaves “we” in an interesting position. Like “you,” the word “we” is multiple, occurring nearly twice as many times as the word “you” in any of its lines of distribution. The instances of “we,” however, are lighter than those of “I” and “you”; they have a light, yellow-green hue, which never achieves full saturation. Since the words come in and out of prominence according to both size and color saturation, the word “we” never appears in the foreground. The final word type to appear in “I, You, We” is not indicated at all in the title of the work, but it is what provides the link that allows us to put these titular words within syntactical relation: verbs. Verbs as various as “gallop,” “leapfrog,” “confirm,” “zig-zag,” “blossom,” “leach,” “loot,” and “oscillate” fade in and out of prominence as the processes of “I, You, We” unfold. With these links in place, the piece allows the reader to construct a seemingly infinite set of sentences: I grasp you. We repulse you. I rouse you. We fail you. By putting the “I,” “you,” and “we” into various subject positions, this piece has something to demonstrate in terms of perspective. In some important ways, the piece presses the authority of first-person perspective by showing perspectives in flux, both visually, in that the “you” and “we” words are in continuous motion, as well as syntactically, since the “river of verbs” in some cases allows the reader to re-position subjects as objects, and objects as subjects. With that said, however, the dominance of the “I” is unmistakable. While there are rows and rows of the words “you” and “we,” there is only one “I,” and because this “I” is the axis upon which all the others rotate—as objects, actions, and potential (but never fully actualized) subjects, this piece is an excellent visual abstraction of first-person perspective.
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Creator: Dan Waber, Jason Pimble
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Description: overboard is an algorithmically animated work that combines borrowed text with graphic elements and sounds. The text is an adaptation of William Bradford’s account from Of Plymouth Plantation1620-1647 of an incident during the Mayflower crossing. It is a story of a man who falls overboard during a storm but catches hold of a rope and re-surfaces. The author’s adapted text is put through a process of algorithmically steered, time-based changes in which letters appear, disappear, and re-appear. These textual changes show how minute letter substitutions destabilize meaning, while simultaneously evoking other temporary and fluctuating meanings. The sounds are generated in a similar way as the words and help to create an ambient atmosphere. In overboard, the text visually reenacts the story while undermining the words’ lexical relationship until the original letters are restored and the story surfaces again. The ever-changing, ambient text functions as a visual rendering of its own linguistic message: its illegibility is readable as a symbol for the sinking man. The author explains his interest in algorithmically generated processes of textual changes as an intention “to interrogate certain relationships between the granular or atomic structures of alphabetically transcribed language and the critically or interpretatively discoverable rhetorical and aesthetic effects of literature.” (http://www.dichtung-digital.org/2004/2-Cayley.htm) (Parts of this text were modified from "Reading Digital Arts. In-Depth-Analysis and Historic Contextualization" by Roberto Simanowski.) Entry drafted by: Maria Engberg
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Subject: kinetic text, appropriated texts, quicktime, audio, ambient, time-based, constraint-based, translation, algorithm
Creator: John Cayley, Giles Perring, Douglas Cape
Collector: Electronic Literature Organization
Description: ‘What if the word will not be still?’ are the opening words of Stuart Moultrop’s dynamic, meta- or anti-theoretical ‘web fiction’ Hegirascope, first released in 1995. This entry is based on an extended, visually enhanced second version, which was launched in 1997. It incorporates 175 pages and more than 700 links, which are only partially visible and controllable. According to the author himself (1997), most pages 'carry instructions that cause the browser to refresh the active window with a new page after 30 seconds. You can circumvent this by following a hypertext link, though in most cases this will just start a new half-minute timer on a fresh page.' The best starting point is, as Moulthrop suggests, to either ‘dive in’ or navigate via an index page to the most significant sequences. (...) Read the entire elit work article by Astrid Ensslin at: http://directory.eliterature.org/node/498
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Subject: cybertext, postmodern, time-based, deconstruction, web fiction
Creator: Stuart Moulthrop
Description: The Doll Games is a hypertext project that documents a complex narrative game that Shelley and Pamela Jackson used to play when they were prepubescent girls, and frames that documentation in faux-academic discourse. In “sitting uneasily between” different styles of discourse, the work enlists the reader to differentiate between authoritative knowledge and play. Although the dolls in question are “things of childhood,” the project reveals that in the games the authors used to play with these dolls, one can find the roots of both Pamela and Shelley’s “grownup” lives: Shelley’s vocation as a fiction writer, and Pamela’s as a Berkeley-trained Ph.D. in Rhetoric. Throughout, the project plays with constructions of gender and of identity. This is a “true” story that places truth of all kinds in between those ironic question marks. The Doll Games is a network novel in the sense that it uses the network to construct narratives in a particularly novel way. The Doll Games is also consciously structured as a network document, and plays in an ironic fashion with its network context. (...) Read the entire elit work article drafted by Scott Rettberg at: http://directory.eliterature.org/node/609
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Subject: hypertext, parody/satire, documentary, gender
Creator: Pamela Jackson, Shelley Jackson
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Description: Mary Flanagan's "[theHouse]" is a digital poem-environment that consists of strings of transparent, three-dimensional, occasionally intersecting, shifting boxes that are accompanied by paired lines, which in turn are re-combined as the piece progresses; we may watch them as they move across the screen, grow larger or smaller or rotate so that we read them in reverse—as if we could walk to the back of our language. Or, should we want to determine the shape and direction of the text/boxes, we can try to interact with the text/boxes through the mouse. Since Flanagan writes that "[a]s in much of electronic literature, the experience of the work as an intimate, interactive, screen-based piece is essential to understanding and appreciating it," the experience of interacting with this text-environment is primarily one of struggle or difficulty since there is no way to gain control over the text--no way to determine the direction in which the piece shifts. Pulling right on the mouse does not guarantee that the text will also shift right or rotate clockwise; moving the mouse up does not necessarily allow us to venture deep inside the boxes or the text—we may have just flipped the boxes/text or moved to a bird's eye view of this strange computer-text-organism. Thus, despite my interactions with the text, despite the fact that I can "read" most of the lines, in its difficulty "[theHouse]" is at least in part about the mediating effects of an interface that, despite Flanagan's claim above, offers intimacy while also declining it. Entry drafted by: Lori Emerson
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Subject: Animation/Kinetic, individual work, 3D, interactive poetry, interactive art
Creator: Mary Flanagan
Collector: Electronic Literature Organization
Description: Readers of print conventionally ignore the page surface so as to concentrate on interpreting what is printed there; in "open.ended," by contrast, surfaces are integral. Readers interact with lines of poetry that appearon two translucent shapes - one nested within the other. Because words on the inner shape are visible through the outer one, the printed lines can be read together or separately. The number of possible surface/text combinations is limited, but by merging shapes a surprising range of new stanzas can result. The reader can also control her angle of view so that more than one surface is visible, though all the words may not be legible. As the surfaces obscure the words, the materiality of the digital shapes overcomes linguistic signification. This phenomenon of surface overcoming text also occurs when the shapes overlap and obscure portions of the text. "open.ended" amounts to a poem without beginning or end since one does not move through the text in any predetermined order, yet the poetic object has boundaries delimited by the eight rotating surfaces. The reader's interaction with the shifting text is augmented--and usefully constrained--by an audio track of the author reading so that we, reading to ourselves, are reminded of lines from the poem we have already encountered, or we are given a preview of text to come. Despite the literal instability of the moving text, the audio track is the same each time, which lends consistency to repeated readings. Entry drafted by: Ben Underwood
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Subject: poetry, flash, audio, interactive, 3D, spatialization
Creator: Aya Karpinska, Daniel C. Howe
Collector: ELO
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Description: Prose poem published in The Iowa Review Web (TIR-W), Volume 9, Number 2: "Instruments and Playable Texts" (2008). “The Purpling” is comprised of approximately ten basic web pages of eight to ten lines each. By clicking on hyperlinks connected to segments of varying lengths, the reader enters what guest editor Stuart Moulthrop calls a "maze of recirculating expression.” While the words on the screen remain static, the reader's experience of "meaning" varies depending on the order of visited links. These visited links, in most browsers, also appear in purple, which becomes a visual representation of not only the work's title, but also the mingling of the reader with the text. Consequently, in both form and content, the work calls attention to nature of reading and questions the authority of a text. Entry drafted by: Crystal Alberts
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Subject: hypertext, poetry, procedural, constraint-based
Creator: Nick Monfort
Collector: Electronic Literature Organization
Description: Shawn Rider's "So Random" consists of a short hypertext narrative of a bus ride told from several different points of view. Each time a reader accesses the work, an instantiation of it is assembled from chunks of text based on tags assigned to each section. For a piece of electronic literature, the work has a conservative visual presentation. Each version consists of three pages that resemble the appearance of text in a word processing program. The reader has the option of reading the pages consecutively or of clicking on words to generate an entirely new three-page version of the work. With relatively few options, the reader is at the mercy of the algorithm assembling the text, and without access to the logic of the text selection, the work feels "so random." Entry drafted by: Ben Underwood
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Subject: hypertext, fiction, Anthologies, algorithm
Creator: Shawn Rider
Collector: ELO
Description: slippingglimpse is a 10-part generative Flash poem combining videos of ocean patterns with text. The work introduces three modes of reading: fullscreen, high resolution, and scroll-text mode. In the first two modes, fragments of words and phrases appear in the ocean, mapped and remapped to movement in the video image, turning from an unreadable text to a decipherable composition. In fullscreen mode, ocean videos "read" the poem text somatically or gesturally. In high-rez mode, the ocean-patterning itself is best visible, those patterns the videographer set out to capture and enhance. Only the scroll-text mode permits human reading of linear print text. The language of the poem comes in part from sampling and recombining the words of visual artists as they reflect on their own work (among them, Helaman Ferguson, Manfred Mohr, David Berg, Ellen Carey, Frances Dose, Marius Johnston, Jon Lybrook, Susan Rankaitis, Hildegard of Bingen). Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: flash, collaborative, kinetic text, poetry, women authors, visual poetry, video
Description: Judd Morrissey, Goat Island, and 145+ additional contributors are contributing to the work-in-progress The Last Performance (dot org). The project’s developers describe it as “a constraint-based collaborative writing, archiving and text-visualization project responding to the theme of lastness in relation to architectural forms, acts of building, a final performance, and the interruption (that becomes the promise) of community.” The project is a kind of hopeful monster, a mutated form of literature that combines elements of dance and performance, information and physical architecture, and Oulipian constraint-driven approaches to writing. The visual presentation of the project is based on the structure and details of the Dzamija, a mosque built on top of an old church in Zagreb, Croatia. Elements of the structure were derived from a dance performance by Goat Island, a Chicago-based performance collective. The organizational principles of the text are largely algorithmic. The individual texts themselves are written in response to a series of odd, seemingly arbitrary constraints such as “Construct a last performance in the form of a heavy foot that weighs 2 tons and remains in good condition.” The texts that form the material basis of the project are contributed both by the authors who have been working most closely on the project for two years and by readers who stumble across it on the Web and decide to contribute a text by responding to a constraint or to one of the other texts.(...) Read the entire elit work article drafted by Scott Rettberg at: http://directory.eliterature.org/node/606
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Subject: hypertext, poetry, collaborative, narrative, database, visualization
Creator: Judd Morrissey
Description: Kind of Blue, while a complete email novel or "chatmail", is the latter element of a two-part email fiction project began by Rob Wittig in his Blue Company project. According to the Blue Company description, Rettberg "missed the daily installments in his inbox to the point that he began to compose and e-mail a response, a sequel, a rebuttal...in which the characters of Blue Company are re-cast and re-imagined." The novel consists of a series of emails sent among the characters, beginning with an unlikely romance and darkening to a murder investigation. The structure of the novel is fairly simple: the reader first encounters a hyperlinked list of the emails in chronological order, which serves as a table of contents. Clicking on any link takes the reader through to that email, a pale blue frame with black text, laid out over a royal blue background. The emails themselves contain no links or clickable options, save buttons to move to the previous email or the next email (which subtly directs the reader to move through the email lexias in order), or to return to the "Inbox". There are no attachments or links to external pages, keeping the reader contained within the narrative itself. The reading experience is voyeuristic: the "Inbox" could ostensibly be the reader's inbox, and these personal emails have somehow landed there for perusal. On a surface level, this visual and structural design appears to mimic the email experience that is now part of our daily existence. But on several deeper levels, the novel becomes divorced from this typical inbox feel. The reader cannot save, move, forward, or reply to these messages. They are, in a sense, artifacts, frozen. The reader can observe - again, with a voyeuristic feel, given the personal content of the emails - but cannot take part in the narrative as s/he would if this were truly an email inbox. On a textual level, Kind of Blue is a combination of the carelessly composed email, the intimately considered handwritten letter, and first person narrative that occasionally drifts into poetry, depending on the character. The longish emails are quite detailed and forthright, and display little of the editing capabilities of the email form, relying instead upon the notion that the characters are apt to hit "send" before taking a read-through, offering their thoughts in their raw form. The exposition and character revealed tend toward the first person narrative style, cut up and sent as emails. As a result, Kind of Blue merges digital communication and literary storytelling into a narrative that fits neatly into neither category, stretching the bounds of each. Entry drafted by: Lyle Skains
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Subject: fiction, chatmail, email novel
Creator: Scott Rettberg
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Description: Once the reader enters the Case Collection he learns that "a flood threatened to destroy everything." Two diaries, an illustrated children's book, a journalist's sound recording and other artifacts from a naturalist's secret collection could be saved. The reader is welcome to explore the narrative space of the project that provides a database of the 'saved' narrative objects such as films, photographs, letters, maps and diaries that accompany over 600 writings visually. These digital narrative objects can be browsed, they are from a fictional 1910 natural history expedition and relate to the life and trial of Sir Francis Case. The diaries, for instance, serve as minute details of an expedition to "a lodge on a hill" and the reader learns: "I have a conversation with the missionary, Amelie. She tells me that we are the Company's guest and best stay on good terms with their officials. I have developed a different view of matters during the course of my travels, but I dare not to tell her." With its graphical representations as well as the textual and literary browsing structure the Digital Case Collection bears a 'playable media' character using game elements to achieve interaction. It allows the reader to have exploratory trips one can return to and follow up on. Gaming conventions are used against the grain to mediate on the nature of digital artifacts and their relationship to time and space. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: metatextual, playable media, graphics, historical
Creator: Tal Halpern
Collector: Patricia Tomaszek
Description: The Unknown is a collaborative hypertext novel written on the World Wide Web during the turn of the millennium. It is a text about a book tour that takes on the excesses of a rock tour. The work is notorious for breaking the "comedy barrier" in electronic literature, replacing the pretentious modernism and self-consciousness of previous hypertext works with a pretentious postmodernism and self-absorption that is more satirical in nature. The Unknown includes several sections or "lines" of content including a sickeningly decadent hypertext novel, metafictional bullshit, documentary material, correspondence, art projects, documentation of live readings, a press kit, and more. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: hypertext, network novel, encyclopedic, metafiction, comedy, collaborative, postmodern, fiction, parody/satire, html/dhtml, network forms
Creator: William Gillespie, Frank Marquardt, Scott Rettberg, Dirk Stratton
Collector: ELO
Description: Arteroids is a literary shoot-em-up poem-game for the Web. The battle of poetry against itself and the forces of dullness. Pilot your red id-entity text against poetry and the forces of dullness. Winner takes wall. Write your own texts in Word for Weirdos. Save poetry from yourself. Game mode or play mode. Play for life and death in game mode. Shoot for art in play mode. Go on. I dare you. Entry drafted by: Scott Rettberg
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Subject: cybertext, poetry, shockwave, animation, interactive, software, digital poetics, digital art, audio, hypermedia, kinetic, game
Creator: Jim Andrews
Collector: ELO
Description: A Shockwave work by Stephanie Strickland and Cynthia Lawson. This work was made as the third component of an intermedia poem whose two other parts were bound together, upside down to each other, in a volume written by Strickland and published by Penguin, V: WaveSon.nets/Losing L'una, 1992. At the center of the book are pointers to the url. The digital poem was published in the Iowa Review Web, 2002, with critical material by Jaishree Odin, and with an essay by the authors in New River, 2003.
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Subject: visual poetry, interactive, collaborative, textual instrument, women authors, shockwave, poetry, kinetic text
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Creator: Donna Leishman
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Description: Shelley Jackson’s 1997 web-based hypertext, “my body—a Wunderkammer” employs many of the same strategies that make her celebrated Patchwork Girl (1995) so conceptually interesting, albeit on a smaller scale. With its asynchronous mode of storytelling, its vivid images, and its layering of different texts, all of which need to be explored, re-mixed, and assembled by the reader for any coherence to emerge, “Wunderkammer” has much in common with the way a reader must stitch together the disparate pieces of “the monster’s” story to make sense of Patchwork Girl. (...) Read the entire elit work article drafted by Lisa Swanstrom at: http://directory.eliterature.org/node/566
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Subject: hypertext, autobiography
Creator: Shelley Jackson
Description: "The Jew's Daughter" is an interactive, non-linear, multivalent narrative. A hypertext, but one that transforms the text (rather than just linking from one stable text to another). As soon as the reader moves the mouse over highlighted keywords (links), segments of a page replace one another fluidly. While always remaining syntactically and semantically intact, passages are replaced by a new text within a static rectangular text-space. The work's content corresponds to the unstable form: Characters, for example, are not fixed identities; they can be, by turns, contemporary and historical. The algorithmic text generation calls on readers to explore a text that changes with the addition or deletion of passages at random throughout the narrative. By placing authors and readers in direct relation to machine-generated text, this piece has helped ground debates on electronic literature. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: hypertext, collaboration, interactive, generative text, html/dhtml
Description: A metafiction written in annotated web pages, this tale follows one narrator's browsing history and reflections on the content he encounters. The tale begins with a meditation on Borges' short story "The Library of Babel" but soon moves into despair at our inability to leave, as Marino puts it: "a meaningful mark on the Internet." But this work makes the Web notable by making use of Web 2.0 features: Social Bookmarking, that allows Internet users to store, share and retrieve visited Webpages. The work uses pages from the Internet for its palette and invites readers to add their own annotations and bookmarks. Adding their own layer of meta-narrative, readers create collaborative Web-Travelogues by leaving a bookmark as a footnote. Marginalia has an enormous history that long predates contemporary footnoting practice. Thus, Marino's work is digitally following the genre of annotation fiction. He asserts: "why not turn the web into a means of characterization, to turn web reading practices themselves into ways of examining the ergodic, interiority of our characters, or to stitch together tales of paranoia in the way that various Alternate Reality Games have." Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: web-annotation metafiction, java
Description: "Roulette" is a language game for readers, a single work that can be read in roughly 64,000 ways. The lines of the poem shift every time you interact with one of the three lines of the poem. By clicking and holding a block for a few moments, the reader can activate a change in the text. Only one line of the poem changes at a time, so the two stable lines give a context for the altered one, a background against which alternative meanings are generated. Those other lines can then be altered in turn. The work appears clothed in an endless night sky that foregrounds rotating, colorful cubic containers, each one containing smaller rotating cubes. From there, from out of the cubes, the word emerges along with background music that calls to mind a night out at the casino. The poetic content concerns philosophical questions concerning life, relationships, and language, and at times seems to generate a meta-commentary on randomness and the work itself. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Creator: Bebe Molina, Daniel Howe
Collector: ELO
Description: This Flash-based creation encompasses a series of 3 prose poems that gradually dissolve (in animated sequences) to reveal poems "hidden" within them. Each of three initial block texts can be read sequentially; however, the essence of this piece is the way letters fly from those initial texts to reveal the hidden poems. Each of these three initial texts have two poems "embedded" in them. At first, the remaining letters remain in place, like the buildings that survived the earthquake. On subsequent pages, these characters close ranks to form the words of the embedded poems. Additionally, each surviving letter casts off versions of itself which fall down the surface of the poem, colliding with other cast-off versions and forming alternate unused words which stack up in a heap below the poem. Thematically, the pieces bring together the "famous occult associations of the European mandrake" with the American one (mayapple). The poems play with the rhizomatic nature of roots and rhizomes of literary allusions. Readers cannot uproot these mandrakes without being caught in the underground tangle of sex, death, and renewal. Entry drafted by: Mark C. Marino
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Creator: Oni Buchnan
Collector: ELO
Description: The only trace left of Anna, a freshman at the University of California, Berkeley, is an open internet connection in the computer in her neatly furnished dorm room. Deena Larsen invites readers to join four generations of a Japanese-American family as they search for Anna and discover credit card conspiracies, ancient family truths, waterfalls that pour out of televisions, and the terrifying power of the web. The detective story unwinds, one link at a time, but even as readers explore Anna's disappearance, Larsen also orchestrates our own disappearance in the virtual reality of the internet. Hypertext links lead the reader to relevant url's on the web for actual companies and institutions (e.g., the Sheraton Hotel, or commonly encountered web pages (e.g., "Object not found"). As these real world links increasingly turn to errors, our search for Anna seems as elusive as the desire to track the Internet's ephemera. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Creator: Deena Larsen
Collector: ELO
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Description: l0ve0ne is a hypertext of 129 lexias and was the first selection in the Eastgate Web Workshop. The text is the diary of a hacker and WebMOO aficionado, Gweneth, and recounts her relationship with a German hacker named Gunter. The text explores the possibilities of emotional, sexual, and even human relationships in a world augmented by and through mediated computer technologies. In reading Gweneth's experiences as she travels across the United States and Europe with and looking for Gunter--who might be posing as his own cousin, Stefan, and consequently remains an unstable and mysterious figure throughout the text--one is reminded of Thomas Pynchon's novel V. Even more like V. herself, however, is the character Aimee. She first appears (depending on the order in which you read the text) as a non-player character (NPC)in a game being designed by the German hacker collective Schinkenbrotchen. Surprisingly, Gweneth later meets Aimee in the flesh and learns that she might have stolen Gunter/Stefan away from Gweneth. The indeterminacy of these characters, the unending search for them, as well as the machine-augmented bodies and sexuality of the characters seems to descend from Pynchon's frequent concerns. One of the first hypertexts written for the World Wide Web, l0ve0ne consists of white text against a black, blue, green, or red background; the black background is most frequent. The links are not words within the text but are rather underscored gaps that appear within the passages. The text can be read with or without frames, and the choice determines with which lexia the text opens. l0ve0ne's last lexia, "reset," directs the reader to another Malloy hypertext, The Roar of Destiny Emanated from the Refrigerator. Entry drafted by: Brian Croxall
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Subject: hypertext, fiction, html/dhtml, cyberculture, webfiction, codework
Creator: Judy Malloy
Collector: ELO
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Description: Inspired by Derrida's "Of Grammatology", Mark Amerika experiments in GRAMMATRON with narrative form in a networked environment. Amerika retells the Jewish Golem myth by adapting it into the culture of programmable media and remixes several genres of text into the story's hybridized style including metafiction, hypertext, cyberpunk, and conceptual works affiliated with the Art+Language group. Narrated from various authorial perspectives, the story introduces readers to Abe Golam, a pioneering Net artist who created Grammatron, a writing machine. Endowed not with the Word (like in the original myth) but with forbidden data -- a specially coded Nanoscript -- the creature becomes a digital being that "contains all of the combinatory potential of all the writings." The Grammatron is the personification of the Golem which is also a personification of Amerika the artist. In a number of literary adaptations and works, various characterizations of the Golem and its environment are depicted. With GRAMMATRON, however, Mark Amerika creates a seemingly infinite, recombinant (text-)space in the electrosphere. Throughout the story, Abe Golam searches for his "second-half," a programmer named Cynthia Kitchen whose playful codes of interactivity lead both Golam and the reader through a multi-linear textscape (the Grammatron writing machine) where they search for "the missing link" that will enable them to port to another dimension of "digital being" the story refers to as Genesis Rising. The project consists of over 1100 (partly randomized) text elements and thousands of links. It comes with animated and still life images, an eerie background soundtrack, and audio-files that sometimes provide a spoken meta-commentary on the work itself. The work consists of different text-layers the user is free to choose from including a theoretical hypertextual essay titled "Hypertextual Consciousness," the animated text "Interfacing," and the main hypertext "Abe Golam." GRAMMATRON (1997) was initially received as one of the first major works of Net art and was selected for the 2000 Whitney Biennial of American Art. It was the first work in Amerika's Net art trilogy and was followed by PHON:E:ME (1999) and FILMTEXT 2.0 (2001-2002). Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: hypertext, animated text
Creator: Mark Amerika
Description: "Zaira, City of Memories", by Gökçen Ergüven, is a Flash-based hypertext loosely inspired by Italo Calvino’s "Invisible Cities". The piece combines interactive visual imagery derived from photographs of the urban settings to which the piece refers with brief descriptive passages, aphoristic statements, and poetic musings. The overall structure is organized around a map-like navigation tool which allows readers to follow the text along forking paths, reminiscent of the subway interface of Geoff Ryman’s "253". Unlike Ryman’s hypertext novel, Ergüven’s work follows a single narrative perspective, but does so across the space of three different cities and temporal frames: Ankara (the capital of Turkey, where, according to the author’s abstract, Ergüven was born), Istanbul (where the author lives), and London (where the author would like to live). Zaira is the imaginary city where the past of memory, the present of being, and the desire for the future coexist. Entry drafted by: Davin Heckman
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Subject: antecedent, calvino, hyperbook, hypertext novel, invisible cities
Creator: Gökçen Ergüven
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Description: A multimedia online novel in three episodes set in China, Italy, and Russia, featuring a girl growing up in the 21st century. The episodes are part comic book, part animation, and part film, in a style intended to suggest Alice's developing career as an animator. Reader participation and interactivity increase as the series progresses, reflecting Alice's engagement and influence in her environment as she grows older. Episodes become more complex and the reader is asked to unravel riddles which become progressively more intricate. This way, Inanimate Alice has a game-like character but it also resembles theater, the coming-of-age novel, and the graphic novel. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: flash, fiction, interactive, Animation/Kinetic, collaboration, electronic music, video, graphic novel
Creator: Kate Pullinger, Chris Joseph
Collector: Electronic Literature Organization
Description: Gabriella Infinita, a metamorphical work, is a lesson in the evolution of the internet. Three versions of the text are available: Novel, Hypertext and Hypermedia. In the tale, Gabriella arrives at the apartment of her lover, Frederico, the author, only to find him disappeared. In his stead, she has only his things, his writings, his clippings, his recordings. At the same time, in a parallel narrative, a group of people try to escape a building. They are trapped, moreso than they think, for they are characters in one of his stories. Since Rodríguez Ruiz made all of these versions available on the web (with commentaries), they serve as an excellent study in the forms themselves. In no way a lesson in progress, the adaptations and translations of his own tale reveal the strengths and limitations of these forms. Entry drafted by: Mark C. Marino
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Description: Urs Schreiber’s Java-based German Internet opus Das Epos der Maschine ("Machine Epic") epitomizes the control of the "machine" over its user both practically and (meta-) theoretically. As the title suggests, the text regards itself as a poem of epic dimensions, i.e. poetic narrative that acts as a symbol of an entire national or, as in the case of the Internet, virtual paradigm. In other words, Schreiber positions his work in the tradition of the great ethnic and religious epics (e.g. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, the Nibelungenlied and Milton’s Paradise Lost). By the same token, it follows in the tradition of concrete poetry, which critically and playfully reflects on language itself as well as its inextricable determination by the medium in which it appears. The Epos is a joint venture. Text and programming were done by Urs Schreiber, the graphics by Kai Jelinek and Cesare Wosko, the photographs by Claudia König, and the sound by Die with Dignity. (...) Read the entire elit work article by Astrid Ensslin at: http://directory.eliterature.org/node/314
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Subject: poetry, fiction, cybertext, sound, epic, machine control, multimodal, narrative
Creator: Urs Schreiber
Collector: Patricia Tomaszek
Description: Serge Bouchardon and Vincent Volckaert’s “Loss of Grasp” explores the terrain of certitude as a tension between the “grasp” and its “loss.” As the title suggests, the piece opens up the space of the grasp after its hold on things has slipped away, focusing the reader’s attention on the anxious desire experienced in loss (as opposed to the more optimistic grasp of the one who aspires towards something). The piece, created in Flash, is divided into six distinct segments, held together by a common protagonist and unified by the recurrence of slippery texts that reconfigure themselves when “touched” by reader’s mouse strokes. Following the poem’s title, readers might be reminded of an earlier literary work, Robert Browning’s “Andrea del Sarto” (1855), in which a first-person narrator, the artist Andrea del Sarto, explains, “Ah, but a man's reach should exceed his grasp,/ Or what's a heaven for?” Like Browning’s work, Bouchardon and Volckaert’s “Loss of Grasp” tells of a man whose pursuit of control is ultimately frustrated in spite of his ambition. (...) Read the entire elit work article drafted by Davin Heckman at: http://directory.eliterature.org/node/650
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Subject: Flash, interactive poetry, digital poetry
Creator: Serge Bouchardon, Vincent Volckaert
Description: In Birds Singing Other Birds' Songs, a work shown as a video installation and now available as a Flash version on the Web, birds' sounds were transcribed into morphemes representing human perception of their songs. The corresponding graphemes are then animated to form the bodies of birds flying with human voices, tweaked by the computer, articulating the sounds denoted by the marks. In the complex processes of translation that the work instantiates, the human is in-mixed with nonhuman life forms to create hybrid entities that represent the conjunction of human and nonhuman ways of knowing. A reenactment of the history of literacy through different media as it moves from sounds present in the environment to written marks (orality/writing), written marks to the iconographic shapes of the animated avian bodies (writing/digital images), accompanied by the re-representation of human speech as computerized voice production (digital multimodality). Although Mencia's work can be classified as electronic literature, it is fundamentally about literacy rather than any literary form, illustrating the interrogations that the literary can undertake of the histories, contexts, and productions of literature. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek (Parts of this description are cited from "New Horizons for the Literary" by N. Katherine Hayles)
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Subject: Flash, Animation/Kinetic, audio
Creator: Maria Mencia
Collector: ELO
Description: With FILMTEXT 2.0 (2001-2002), Mark Amerika presents a remix of philosophical inquiry on time and being, data perception and manipulation, networking culture, and writing, the final complement of his trilogy (GRAMMATRON, 1997 and PHON:E:ME, 1999). As a tourist in a visually changing landscape, the reader explores an interface that simulates a game-like environment. The user's task is to trigger cones of light that shimmer on the screen. Once activated, narrative paths unfold through animated texts, spoken-words, or videos. A central narrative construction in this work is the creation of a "Digital Thoughtographer" (DT), Amerika's personified concept character. The DT is a lens that looks like an image-capture device through which the viewer can access coded text fragments that appear as programmed scripts, images, and flickering video excerpts. Amerika uses the DT as an instrument that takes the perspective of an omniscent narrator who communicates defragmented statements to the reader/viewer: "There is only perception: the experience of seeing what is there in front of our eyes and capturing that thereness in the experiential act of perception." Mark Amerika's composition of texts is built on Raymond Federman's concepts of surfiction, critifiction, and playgiarism. The texts are digital remixes of theoretical views once expressed and assigned to known philosophers which the DT transmits without referencing sources directly. For example, the following statement resembles Barthes' questions about authorship: "Who are the ghosts in the literary machine?" Elsewhere he evokes Baudrillard, observing "Not only can there be no original, the simulacrum has now lost its punch too", "Aura is interface", "There is only perception." In the work at hand, the reader/viewer's perception blurs with facts and fiction in which Amerika's poetics of hacktivism and remixology are set into scene. Mark Amerika's trilogy ends with the continuation of what he envisoned with GRAMMATRON in 1997: "To approach the computer-mediated network environment of the World Wide Web as an experimental writing zone, one where the evolving language of new media would reflect the convergence of image-writing, sound-writing, language writing, and code writing as complementary processes . . ." (181, META/DATA). Subtitled "MetaTourism: Interior Landscapes, Digital Thoughtography", FILMTEXT 2.0 is a collaborative achievement of many artists and comes along with an ambient background soundtrack. Excerpts from the "Digital Thoughtographer" are available on the author's website at http://www.altx.com/ebooks/download.cfm/c1.pdf Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: Flash, video, animation, collaborative, audio, music, philosophical, remix, surfiction
Creator: Mark Amerika
Description: Upon launching Erik Loyer's The Lair of the Marrow Monkey (1998), a web-based work of digital fiction powered by Shockwave software animation, readers not only see the opening navigation screen, but must feel their way around it. Nine circles orbit, carrousel-like, around a tower constructed with two triangles, one inverted and resting on top of the other. The sound of an eerie synthesized pulsing accompanies each rotation, which speeds up the farther away the reader moves the mouse. A tiny number appears at the foot of each, counting - up or down depending on which way the shapes orbit - from one to nine. (...) Read the entire elit work article Dave Ciccoricco at http://directory.eliterature.org/node/618
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Subject: poetry, audio, music, narrative, cognition, consciousness, digital fiction, interactive motion graphics, interior monologue, jazz, letters, memory, mind, poem, posthuman, spoken word
Creator: Erik Loyer
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Description: JB Wock is a self-described “english-speaking blogmachine” created by poet and programmer Eugenio Tisselli. JB Wock, a PHP script, searches the web for a phrase that it “likes” (from a site that publishes notable quotations), “twists” these phrases by substituting synonyms, and publishes the results daily on its blog (which also includes a comment feature, inviting readers to respond). Tisselli includes links to the coding of the PHP script as well as a “Computer Aided Poetry” tool which allows users to alter their own phrases using the JB Wock script. The underlying script itself is an elegant feat in constraint, while the verses that it publishes daily often have an ephemeral and absurd quality, consistent with spirit of the Oulipo movement, but also gesturing towards contemporary debates over the physiological processes of human cognition and the indeterminate character of human expression. Entry drafted by: Davin Heckman
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Subject: poetry, procedural, constraint-based, e-poetry, oulipo, php script
Creator: Eugenio Tisselli
Collector: ELO
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Description: "We wanted love" recites a voice that narrates a teenager's favorite pastime in Wisconsin, racing up and down the Main Street drag looking to make connections, wanting love. "Cruising" is a flash based poem with cinematic elements marked by a flow of images accompained by the poem text. The filmic flow suggests sights glimpsed from a train's window. A hidden code integrated into the piece lets the user control the speed, the direction, and the scale with the cursor, turning the reader into just another cruiser. The viewer moves between reading text and experiencing the flow of images but cannot exactly have both at the same time. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: flash, women authors, collaboration, audio, visual poetry or narrative, poetry, place, cinematic
Creator: Ingrid Ankerson (words and design); Megan Sapnar (design)
Collector: Patricia Tomaszek
Description: Blue Company is a novel composed of email messages from Berto, a lovesick copywriter transferred to 14th Century Italy who addressed letters to his romantic correspondent in the 21st Century. People were able to subscribe to Blue Company and received email messages from Berto for a month. The novel was performed twice: once in Spring 2001 and again in Spring 2002. The 2002 performance was followed by Scott Rettberg's unauthorized continuation of the fiction. He e-mailed to many of the same Blue Company subscribers and composed "Kind of Blue." It is a sequel that re-casts the characters of Blue Company. The last letter of "Kind of Blue" was written by Rettberg and Wittig collaboratively, thus knitting the two pieces together finalizing a collaborative style of "chatmail." Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: network forms, collaboration, visual poetry or narrative, email narrative
Creator: Rob Wittig
Collector: ELO
Description: A visual index, with a paragraph of description, of each of Jason Nelson's work. Scrolling from the bottom of the page to the top lets one view the artist's work chronologically from 2001 to the present, offering one potential trajectory for the field development as a whole, spanning hypertexts, short fictions, poems, haikus, games, all of which are computer generated and include image in combination with multimedia elements, code, text, and sound. Browsing the collection means witnessing the ways electronic literature involves readers and shows the potential for involving programming and multimedial devices and embedded text as in, for example the flash-based work titled, "this will be the end of you: play4: within within." Here, holding the mouse allows the user to move "into words" and to play with text as it emerges. Readers control the movement on the interface by holding or releasing the mouse and can thereby determine the mouse driven fly through of texts and images that float towards or away from the user. Or the work, "game, game, game and again game" which uses the a side scrolling gaming interface to navigate through a mix of poetics content and corresponding hand-drawn elements. This play, either literal or through interface serves as a metaphor of what Nelson wishes to transfer with the artwork: some scattered [imaginations, some] oddly organized fire of thoughts and incomplete ideas" or simply a comment on the internet and its nonlinearity and the new possibilities of digital poetics. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: hypertext, flash, generative, audio, animation, textual instrument, net art, digital poetics, poetry, network forms, combinatorial, interactive, visual poetry, fiction, appropriated texts
Creator: Jason Nelson
Collector: ELO
Description: On immersion in reading and its risks - where reading means, in this case, pointing and clicking on the work's interface and thereby diving, submerging, and even to risk drowning in the literary pool. The work opens with a simple proposition: "what if the pages of a book - or more accurately, the SO_CALLED PAGES OF THE WEB - were made from some pliable fluid, like water, so that we could dive gradually from one plane of presentation to the next?" The reader is presented with a structure for setting up dive points on the reading interface. At these points, the reader may hover, move to another point, or else move up or down to earn points for a successful reading approach. This kind of imersion through clicking, chosing, and wandering might be thought closer to a game than a literary text, although we have to know something about the developing text to know how to play, how "to breathe," and especially how to read inside this textual immersion. An original take on the peculiarity of electronic textuality, Deep Surface is perhaps best regarded as a textual instrument. Entry drafted by: Patricia Tomaszek
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Subject: Flash, Animation/Kinetic, textual instrument, audio, interactive, Graphics, synthetic voices
Creator: Stuart Moulthrop
Collector: ELO
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